Pancreatic cancer is one of the most complex and difficult cancers to treat. The best outcomes are the result of accurate diagnosis and careful treatment planning using a team (multidisciplinary) approach.
The pancreas is a 6-inch-long gland located behind the stomach. It has two main functions — producing enzymes that aid in digestion and producing hormones that keep blood sugar levels within a normal range.
Approximately 43,000 new cases of pancreatic cancer are diagnosed in the U.S. every year. It is sometimes called a silent disease: Early pancreatic tumors often do not cause any symptoms, and most patients are not diagnosed until the cancer has spread. Common sites of metastatic spread include the liver, the lining of the abdomen and the lungs.
Solid Tumors of the Pancreas
Pancreatic cancers are distinguished by the type of cell in which they arise. There are two main types of solid pancreatic tumor:
- Adenocarcinoma: Between 85 and 90 percent of all pancreatic cancers are adenocarcinomas that arise in the exocrine glands of the pancreas. The exocrine glands produce enzymes that are released into the intestines, where they help digest fats, proteins and carbohydrates.
- Neuroendocrine (islet cell) tumors: Less common are neuroendocrine tumors that arise in the islet cells of the pancreas. Islet cells produce insulin and glucagon (which regulate blood sugar) and other hormones.
Pancreatic Cancer Symptoms
Symptoms of pancreatic cancer can be related to the type of cell in which the tumor arises and the tumor’s location within the organ. The pancreas is composed of the head, the neck, the body and the tail.
- Lesions in the head of the pancreas can sometimes block the common bile duct, leading to painless jaundice. Symptoms include the darkening of the skin and urine and the yellowing of the whites of the eyes.
- Tumors that arise in the exocrine glands sometimes obstruct the pancreatic duct, blocking the flow of digestive enzymes and producing frequent loose bowel movements.
- Islet cell tumors can produce excessive hormones, leading to a broad range of symptoms. For example, tumors that produce insulin can cause low blood sugar, leading to symptoms such as lightheadedness.
- Other possible indications of pancreatic cancers include unexplained weight loss, inflammation of the pancreas (pancreatitis) and pain that radiates from the epigastric region to the back.
While there are some genetic conditions that increase a person’s risk for pancreatic cancer, most cases cannot be linked to inheritance. Risk factors for pancreatic cancer include chronic pancreatitis, diabetes, obesity and smoking.
Cystic Tumors of the Pancreas
Pancreas cyst tumors can be benign, but some are pre-malignant or malignant. Mucinous cystic neoplasms account for 30 percent of pancreatic cysts and approximately one-third are associated with invasive cancer of the pancreas. Intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms (IPMN) are cysts consisting of mucin-producing tumors. IPMNs may involve the main pancreatic duct or major side branches. These cysts are usually found in the head and neck of the pancreas or uncinate process of the pancreas (part of the head of the pancreas). IPMNs have a high potential for progressing from benign growths to invasive cancer.
Pancreatic Cancer Diagnosis and Staging
Patients who present with jaundice usually undergo ultrasound imaging to evaluate suspected bile duct blockage. Pancreatic cancers are diagnosed using CT and MRI scans that provide precise cross-sectional imaging of the tumor and surrounding organs and blood vessels.
To learn how physicians determine the stage of a pancreatic tumor and make basic treatment decisions, read The Importance of Accurate Diagnosis and Multimodality Therapy for Pancreatic Cancer by Douglas Evans, MD, Medical College of Wisconsin surgical oncologist.
The pancreatic cancer team at Froedtert & the Medical College of Wisconsin has developed a standard evaluation process that provides patients with a full diagnosis within days. To schedule an appointment, please contact us online or call 414-805-0505 or 866-680-0505 today.
Pancreatic Cancer Treatment Options
Pancreatic tumors can be very complex, and many patients require several different kinds of treatment. The physicians in the pancreatic cancer team work together to provide a comprehensive treatment plan for each patient.
Pancreatic Cancer Education
We have compiled a group of educational materials with contributions from Douglas Evans, MD, and Kathleen Christians, MD, to help you better understand pancreatic cancer, and the surgical options available to you.
Clinical Trials for Pancreatic Cancer
Patients with cancers of the pancreas are often eligible for advanced treatment options through clinical trials.
View All Gastrointestinal Cancer Clinical Trials
Special Screening Program for Pancreatic Cancer
The Froedtert & the Medical College of Wisconsin Clinical Cancer Center offers a specialized service for people who may be at high risk of developing pancreatic cancer due to personal or familial health factors.
International Patients
We are here to help international patients arrange for their care at Froedtert Hospital in Milwaukee, Wisconsin.